What Is A Stator And A Rotor And How Do They Differ.Edited
There are several classes of electrical converters, among which the so-called inductive analogues have found practical application. In them, energy conversion occurs due to conversion of the induction of the windings, which are an integral part of the unit itself. The windings are located on two elements - the stator and rotor. So, what is the difference between a stator and a rotor (what is it and what are their functions?).
The simplest definition of two parts of a transducer is their functionality. Everything is simple here: the stator (electric motor or generator) is a fixed part; the rotor is mobile. In most cases, the latter is located inside the first, and there is a small gap between them. There are so-called units with an external rotor, which is a rotating ring, inside of which there is a fixed stator.
Types of Converters
Why it is so important to consider the types in order to understand how the stator of an electric motor differs from its moving part, the thing is that there are many design features of electric motors, the same applies to generators (these are converters of mechanical energy into electrical energy, electric motors have the opposite functionality).
So, electric motors are divided into devices of alternating and direct current. The first, in turn, are divided into synchronous, asynchronous and collector. The former have equal angular speeds of rotation of the stator and rotor. The second two of these indicators are unequal. In collector types, the structure contains the so-called frequency and phase converter of the mechanical type, which is called the collector. Hence the name of the unit. It is he who is directly connected with the windings of the rotor of the engine and its stator.
DC machines on the rotor have the same collector. But in the case of generators, it acts as a converter, and in the case of electric motors, inverter functions.
If an electric unit is a machine in which only the rotor rotates, then its name is one-dimensional. If two elements rotate in opposite directions at once, then this device is called two-dimensional or biotic.
Induction Motors
To understand the concepts of the rotor of the engine and its stator, it is necessary to consider one of the types of electrical converting machines. Since asynchronous electric motors are most often used in industrial equipment and household appliances, it is worth considering them.
So, what is an induction motor? This is usually a cast iron housing in which a magnetic circuit is pressed. Special grooves are made in it, where the stater winding is assembled, assembled from copper wire. The grooves are shifted relative to each other by 120º, so there are only three of them. They form three phases.
The rotor, in turn, is a cylinder assembled from steel sheets (stamped electrical steel) and mounted on a steel shaft, which, in turn, is mounted in bearings when assembling the electric engine. Depending on how the phase winding of the unit are assembled, the rotors of the motor can be a phase or short-circuited.
A phase rotor is a cylinder on which coils are assembled, shifted relative to each other by 120º. At the same time, three contact rings are installed in its design, which does not touch either the shaft or each other. The ends of the three winding are attached to the rings on one side and graphite brushes, which are located in the sliding contact with respect to the rings, on the other. An example of such a machine is crane motors with a phase rotor.
The squirrel-cage rotor is assembled from copper rods that fit into the grooves. At the same time, they are connected by a special ring made of copper.
The asynchronous electric motor with a phase rotor is the owner of large sizes and weights. But it has excellent properties regarding starting and adjusting moments. Engines with a squirrel-cage rotor installed are considered the most reliable today. They are simple in construction, and therefore are cheap. Their only drawback is the large inrush current, which today is fought by connecting the stater winding from star to triangle. That is, the start is made when connected by a star, after a set of revolutions, switching to the triangle is performed.
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